The ñ is the most characteristic letter of the Spanish language. Even the Cervantes Institute has a hidden ñ in its logo. But what is its origin and when did it start to be used?
According to all sources, the letter ñ originated in the Middle Ages when monk copyists and scribes in monasteries, faced with a shortage of paper and parchment, were forced to abbreviate some letters to fit as many words as possible into each line of text.
Specifically, the ñ was originally a double n (nn).
To save space, what was done was to write a regular n and add a small one above it, resulting in the familiar tilde we all know (~).
This was not the only case of letter abbreviation: for example, the double v (vv) became its own letter (the w).
It is also possible that the ñ was created to « give voice » to certain phonemes inherited from Latin that Spanish speakers found complicated to pronounce.
We are talking about the combination « nn » (as in « annus » or « donna »), but also others such as « mn » (in words like « somnus »), « gn » (in words like « pugnus »), « ng » (in words like « ringere »), or « ni » + vowel (in words like « senior »).
This would be the origin of Spanish words with Latin roots like « año » (year), « doña » (lady), « sueño » (dream), « puño » (fist), « reñir » (to scold), or « señor » (sir).
Even so, the Royal Spanish Academy did not officially incorporate the letter ñ into the Spanish alphabet until 1803!
But Spanish is not the only language that uses the ñ. It is also included in the alphabet of other official languages of Spain, such as Galician, Asturian, and Basque, as well as Mapuche, Quechua, Kiliwa (these last three in Latin America), Breton, Nilo-Saharan languages, Filipino Tagalog, and Crimean Tatar.
Here are some words with ñ. Do you know what they mean? Do you know any more?
- Acuñar (To coin)
- Albañil (Bricklayer)
- Añil (Indigo)
- Bañador (Swimsuit)
- Buñuelo (Fritter)
- Castaña (Chestnut)
- Mañana (Tomorrow/Morning)
- Champiñón (Mushroom)
- Aliño (Dressing)
- Cariño (Affection)
- Dueño (Owner)
- Aguileño (Aquiline)
- Sueño (Dream)
- Alimaña (Vermin)
- Apaño (Fix)
- Campiña (Countryside)
- Caña (Cane/Rod)
- Empuñar (To grasp)
- Engañar (To deceive)
- Escrudiñar (To scrutinize)
- Hogareño (Homey)
- Isleño (Islander)
- Montaña (Mountain)
- Leña (Firewood)
- Otoño (Autumn)
- Pañal (Diaper)
- Rapiñar (To plunder)
- Piñata (Piñata)
- Muñeca (Doll/Wrist)
- Patraña (Hoax)
- Señal (Signal)
- Ponzoña (Poison)
- Desteñido (Faded)
So, that’s the fascinating story of the letter ñ, a unique and integral part of the Spanish language and other languages around the world.
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